Simplifying Freight Class Descriptions with NMFC Codes

Understanding freight class and NMFC codes is essential for anyone shipping via Less Than Truckload (LTL) freight. These classifications determine how shipments are priced, handled, and stored throughout the supply chain. In fact, industry research suggests that up to 25% of shipping invoices contain classification errors, inflating freight charges and leading to billing disputes.

In this article, we break down how freight class and NMFC codes work together, why accuracy matters more than ever in 2025, and how you can avoid costly missteps in the LTL shipping process.

What Are NMFC Codes and Why Do They Matter?

The National Motor Freight Classification (NMFC) system uses unique numerical identifiers to classify commodities based on their characteristics. These NMFC codes are critical for Less Than Truckload (LTL) shipping because they directly influence your freight class and, by extension, your shipping costs.

Each NMFC code corresponds to a specific class ranging from Class 50 (least expensive) to Class 500 (most expensive). Lower classes generally indicate durable, dense goods. Higher classes typically involve items that are bulky, fragile, or more difficult to handle.

Using the right code ensures accurate pricing and reduces the risk of disputes. Misclassifying a shipment can lead to unexpected charges, delivery delays, or billing errors. Always use a reputable NMFC lookup tool to classify cargo correctly.

Breaking Down Freight Class Descriptions

Shipping class is determined by a system that takes four primary factors into account:

Density – The space an item occupies relative to its weight
Storability – How easily it fits and stacks during transport
Handling – The effort and equipment needed to move it
Liability – Risk of theft, damage, or legal complexity

There are 18 standard shipping classes. Lower numbers are reserved for compact, durable items. Higher numbers go to oversized or delicate goods. Understanding these distinctions helps avoid costly classification mistakes and streamlines your shipping process.

While those factors define class at a technical level, let’s explore what they actually mean in the real world—starting with how tricky items require special care during shipping.

While those factors define freight class at a technical level, let’s explore what they actually mean in the real world—starting with how tricky items require special care during shipping.

Handling: What Makes Certain Items Tricky?

Not all shipments are created equal. Certain items require specialized handling—regardless of what the freight class technically indicates. Here are examples of tricky shipments that can lead to damage or disputes if not prepared properly:

Glass or ceramics – Require extra padding, double-boxing, and fragile labels.
Perishables – Need insulated packaging and faster delivery options.
Hazardous materials – Must comply with government handling and labeling standards.
High-value electronics – Often require tamper-proof seals and GPS tracking.
Startups and growing businesses should prepare for these complexities early in their fulfillment planning.

The Role of NMFC in Accurate Freight Classification

Using NMFC classification codes helps standardize pricing, simplify quoting, and ensure goods are handled consistently throughout the LTL network. It also supports transparency between shippers and carriers.

By referencing the correct NMFC code, you can:

Classify your shipment accurately
Avoid misquotes and unexpected fees
Speed up order processing and reduce delays

Digital tools like shipment class calculators and NMFC lookup tools make it easier than ever to classify shipments precisely.

Of course, even the most accurate classification won’t help if your shipment is packaged or labeled incorrectly—leading to carrier refusals or damage claims.

Best Practices for Packaging and Labeling Freight

Packaging and labeling go hand-in-hand with freight classification. Even if your shipment is properly coded, poor labeling or fragile packaging can still delay delivery or increase costs.

Use the following checklist:

Use strong, stackable boxes suited to your product’s weight.
Include clear labels with correct addresses, contact info, and barcodes.
Use visual handling instructions like “Fragile” or “This Side Up.”
Eliminate excess void space inside the box to prevent shifting.
Make labels visible and durable enough to survive the shipping process.
These steps improve shipment reliability and protect your freight investment.

How to Determine Freight Class for Your Shipment

To accurately determine the freight class for your LTL shipment, follow these steps:

Measure Dimensions and Weight

Calculate the density of your shipment by dividing the total weight by the total cubic feet. Using a freight density calculator ensures precision in this calculation, helping you avoid errors in classification.

Identify the Commodity

Determine the specific characteristics of the item you’re shipping. Consider factors like fragility, stowability, and handling requirements, as these influence your cargo type and shipping classification code.

Use the NMFC Lookup Tool

Access the NMFC database and use the NMFC lookup tool to find the appropriate NMFC code for your commodity. This step ensures your freight is categorized correctly according to the National Motor Freight Classification system.

Cross-Reference the Freight Class Chart

Match the shipping classification code you’ve identified to the corresponding cargo type using a cargo type chart. This ensures you select the correct class for your shipment, minimizing the risk of disputes or additional fees.

Common Missteps When Using NMFC Codes and How to Avoid Them

Misusing NMFC codes or misinterpreting shipment classifications can lead to costly errors. Here are some common mistakes and how to avoid them:

Using Outdated Codes: Always check the latest shipping classification code updates to ensure your classification is correct.
Incorrect Density Calculation: Use a density calculator to determine accurate pounds per cubic foot.
Assuming Similar Items Share the Same Type: Even slight variations in a commodity can change its cargo type.

Avoid these mistakes by double-checking your NFMC codes and using tools like the shipping classification code lookup tool and cargo type calculator.

NMFC Class Number Updates Coming in 2025

In 2025, the National Motor Freight Classification (NMFC) system will introduce changes that impact how many commodities are classified.

Key updates include:

A shift toward density-based classification across more commodities.
Reclassification of hybrid materials and items with unusual properties.
Greater emphasis on electronic classification submissions.

These changes aim to modernize freight operations, reduce errors, and create more pricing consistency across carriers. Shippers should start reviewing how their current items may be affected before the new rules take effect.

But what’s really driving these updates is one key metric every shipper should understand: freight density.

Why Density Matters in Freight Classification

Freight density—calculated as total weight divided by cubic feet—is a foundational component of determining freight class.

Here’s why it matters:

A box of pillows may weigh the same as a box of tools, but takes up far more space—leading to a higher class and cost.
Denser freight typically earns a lower classification and cheaper rates.

Formula: Density = Weight ÷ Cubic Feet

The 2025 NMFC changes will give more weight to density when assigning freight classes. By optimizing how items are packed and minimizing excess volume, shippers can reduce costs and avoid reclassification charges.

Simplify Freight Classification with Supply Chain Solutions

We understand that freight classification can feel overwhelming, especially with evolving standards and complex codes. That’s why Supply Chain Solutions is here to make the process easier. Our expert team helps businesses like yours navigate classification challenges, prevent costly errors, and optimize shipping strategies for long-term success.